Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Migration - Essay Example In spite of the way that the power to look for better fortunes over the outskirts is too amazing to even think about resisting, it isn't continually satisfying since issues likewise exist in the US for the workers. To delineate this, Nazario (12) figures that Enrique chooses to venture out to the US since his mother’s desires for changing their life are thwarted with time, to a degree that she even quits calling home. Life in underdeveloped nations around the globe, especially those in South America, Central America and neighboring Mexico is troublesome because of underdevelopment. The troublesome conditions at home for the outsiders put forth the defense for migration amazing with the end goal that not even movement laws can remain in the mission for a superior life over the fringe. Absence of appropriate administrations in home nations of the moving populace when or poor help conveyance when contrasted with the US triggers endurance interests for example while including food and clinical administrations. As an outline, youngster security administrations are poor or inexistent with the end goal that kids battle to search for their folks who desert them. â€Å"What sort of edginess, I pondered, pushes youngsters as youthful as multi year old to set out, alone through such a threatening landscape†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nazario xiii) Different administrations, for example, wellbeing and security just as equity are not as cutting edge in the third world setting, which urge development looking for conveyance of such in the US (Brick and Rosenblun 5). A few outsiders try to rejoin with their relatives, for example, kids looking for their folks who leave them and move to the US never to get back. The situation being what it is of family get-together reasons, direct relations structure an extremely solid power driving foreigners to traverse the fringes regardless of exacting lawful guidelines. The reality of a portion of the above dangers to carrying on with a typical life as a

Christianity and Islam Essay Example for Free

Christianity and Islam Essay Christianity and Islam are two critical Religions on the planet today. Despite the fact that they celebrate totally different things, a portion of the things they celebrate are fundamentally the same as. There are numerous contrasts between the two religions prevalently with the manner in which they commend celebrations. Then again the guidelines that the two religions follow are very comparable. Christianity remains as the most across the board religion with more than 2 billion supporters. Christians accept that there has just been one God and he is the person who made everything on the earth today. The primary celebrations that Catholics celebrate are Lent, Easter and Christmas. In Christianity these celebrations are exceptionally earth shattering and are constantly celebrated. The explanation for why Christians commend these celebrations is on the grounds that it reminds Christians the manner in which Jesus carried on with his life up to when he died. In the Christian Religion there are diverse otherworldly pioneers beginning with the Pope, Priests, Bishops and Jesus. Christians go to Churches to go to God and approach him for specific things yet in particular to celebrate critical days on the Catholic schedule. Islam started around 600AD in the Arabian Peninsula. The Islam people group puts stock in one God called Allah. Islam was uncovered to the prophet Mohammad in Mecca which is currently cutting edge Saudi Arabia. The key celebrations that the Islamic people group celebrate are called Ramadan which commends the endowment of the Koran, Eid-al-Fitr which praises the main day after Ramadan has been finished, Dhu Al-Hijia and in conclusion the Eid-al-adha which is the celebration of Sacrifice which happens multi day after the completion of Ramadan. Mohammad is a significant person with regards to the historical backdrop of Islam. He was the main individual to ever be uncovered to Islam and after his passing numerous individuals started to follow Islam. His passing assembled more individuals and a more extensive network started to put stock in the Religion of Islam. The Islamic people group rehearses the five mainstays of Islam which are Shahadah, Salaah, Zakat, Saum and Hajj. Debris Wednesday is the start of a 40 period which is called Lent. It is significant in light of the fact that we follow Jesus’ venture in the desert where he had to quick for 40 days. The hour of Ash Wednesday turns out to be to some degree adaptable as the date changes in the Liturgical Calendar. Sundays are not tallied during the hour of Lent which respects the Resurrection. Loaned is a period of soul-looking and apology. Generally on Ash Wednesday, Christians go to a mass where cinders are put on their brow as a sign or regret and grieving. They are likewise the image of eagerness to set themselves up for the occasions which lead Easter. During Lent, Christians swear off eating certain nourishments which they want regularly. In the Western Church, Christians tend to surrender meat. The term ‘fasting’ is an individual demonstration of commitment to God. It likewise encourages us recollect God. Avoiding something that you appreciate is intended to carry you clos er to God and encourages you become a superior Christian. Additionally during Lent, the Catholic Church urges Christians to offer back to the network or the whole way across the world by giving spare change or attire to help the less lucky. Ramadan is a timeframe to swear off eating during sunlight hours of the day; this is just for individuals with a Muslim foundation. It is critical to the Muslim people group since it was where God proclaimed the Koran to the prophet Mohammed. Ramadan happens during the Ninth month of the lunar schedule when another moon is happening. The fasting time of Ramadan is very extraordinary contrasted with the fasting time of Lent. In Ramadan, the Muslim people group it is just allowed for individuals to eat and drink during Sunrise and afterward break their quick by eating dates just again at dusk. In addition to the fact that they abstain from eating during specific times, they don't smoke, they avoid sex, and give an entire month to their Religion. Muslims think that its hard to not eat during the day, particularly moms with more youthful kids. These challenges emerge when you are eager and planning nourishment for more youthful kids as you become enticed into eating. Not every person in the Muslim people group need to cease from eating, kids that have not hit adolescence, pregnant ladies or breastfeeding ladies, individuals who are debilitated or individuals who are on an excursion. Ramadan is intended to carry them closer to Allah, fortify their resolve and restraint and is a trial of self-control and confidence. Christianity, Lent, Islam and Ramadan are fundamentally the same as on the grounds that their convictions and celebrations are fundamentally the same as one another despite the fact that their Religions are totally different. The things which the Muslim people group put stock in are shockingly like what Christians put stock in too.

What Is The Meaning Of Term Paper?

What Is The Meaning Of Term Paper?In today's world many students are faced with a daunting task, and they wonder what is the meaning of term paper. In actual fact it is a paper that outlines the academic topic of a student and should be written in such a way that it is understandable and attractive to the reader. There are many ways to approach writing a term paper, and this article will briefly explain some of them.In order to get a successful term paper, many students have to know the typical concept in their academic area. This will help them select the appropriate topic to work on. Once they have an idea of the main idea they can make use of the help of the library.The library will have a list of books which are of use to any good writer. They may also have an excellent number of writers which the student can consult for help. The student should take advantage of the services of the librarians to gain important insights into what the best approach is.The most common book used by writers is the basic textbook. It is often the easiest and fastest way to understand the main ideas of the topic. A textbook can be bought from any book store, or the student can also look for them online. The cost of a textbook for a one-semester course may be around $250, and this will certainly allow students to purchase several books for each topic.Some students may find it very helpful to read different terms and definitions of the topic. It is well known that some students do not always think in terms of technical terms. They will try to come up with general terms that describe what they mean.Some students may even go to the trouble of looking at every single term in the dictionary and trying to come up with a definition that perfectly fits their main ideas. They will find that their work suffers greatly if they are unable to understand the specific definitions used in different articles. The simplest way to learn to use these types of words is to pay close attention to the di ctionary and make notes about the main ideas.One of the most important things for a student to understand about the meaning of term paper is that it is a written description of an academic subject. Students should therefore realize that what they write must be as easy to understand as possible. This is because they should not necessarily make the topic seem difficult for the reader. On the contrary, they should make it simple so that the reader understands it easily.In the final examination of the term paper, a student will often find that they have to write something that is completely different from their previous project. The purpose of writing the new project is to test the student's new ideas, and to give them an opportunity to see how they have improved. For this reason, the students must know how to follow the instructions of the teacher and ensure that their paper makes sense.

Euthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide - 1054 Words

Abstract: Euthanasia and physician assisted-suicide are terms used to describe the process in which a doctor of a sick or disabled individual engages in an activity which directly or indirectly leads to their death. This behavior is engaged by the healthcare provider based on their humanistic desire to end suffering and pain. This is an act that defies the oath each doctor is under and should not be treated lightly, and very strict rules and guidelines should be enforced if an individual decides to take this route with his or her life. Suicide is, by definition, an act you perform by yourself. If you ask a friend, family member or doctor to help you commit suicide, you immediately change the definition of suicide from a solitary act with†¦show more content†¦Legally, any doctor who writes out a prescription that he knows will be used for a suicide becomes an â€Å"accessory before the fact of homicide.† What this means is that the doctor is knowingly participating in a homicide because his actions will result in the death of another person. The same is true of a gun dealer who sells a pistol to someone he knows is about to commit suicide. The gun dealer is an accessory before the fact of homicide. The vast majority of terminally ill people have ample time and means to end their lives long before they become too incapacitated to need assistance from a doctor or anyone else. There are all kinds of internet websites and books in the public library about how to do it painlessly. Supporters of doctor-ass isted suicide know this, which is why they constantly point to a tiny minority of terminally ill people who are too sick to end their lives themselves. These people are most often within days of a natural death, and they have the right to refuse treatment and stop taking medicine at any time. By the way, physician-assisted suicide laws never apply to people too handicapped to commit suicide, such as Christopher Reeve or Terri Schiavo. (Anneser, Jox, Thurn, Domenico Borasio, 2016) These laws apply only to the terminally ill. Once such laws are in place, a physician can no longer tell a patient, â€Å"Where there’s life, there’s hope. We

Writing Is A For A Foreign Place Is Leaving Home - 961 Words

The hardest part of adventuring out into a foreign place is leaving home. You do not know what to expect, but you trust that the experience you have gained in your life so far will guide you in the best direction. After reflecting on my experience in English 1102, I would say writing is similar to traveling to foreign places. There is a lot of preparation that is involved in traveling to your final destination, just like how there is a lot of planning for your final draft of writing. Each concept forces you take a risk, and it pushes you to express or pursue a passion. Craft is an important aspect to drawing out a map of where you want to go with your thoughts in an essay. A thesis is like the destination itinerary or a foundation of the traveling plan. The thesis is revealed in the introductory paragraph and indicates the purpose of the journey. Additionally, the body paragraphs resemble the adventure. Although the body paragraphs hold analysis, they each must relate to the thesis; or in other words, one can explore the different parts of a country, but with the intended purpose. In travel and in writing, it is imperative to remember your purpose and plan; otherwise, you or your writing will be lost. Coming from a high school English class, English 1102 was like a foreign country. I adapted to a different kind of AP writing in high school, and it was very different than the culture of this English course. In high school, I grew a habit of writing down my thoughts in aShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Having A Place - House1170 Words   |  5 PagesLucy, Ichiro and Esperanza stress the importance of having a place – house - they belong in and wonder where home is for them, hoping the discovery of home will lead to self-realization. Lucy says: â€Å"†¦my mother had said to me many times: for my whole life I should make sure the roof over my head was my own; such a thing was important, especially if you were a woman.† (Kincaid, 144). The fact that she ended up renting an apartment with Peggy remarks that she has started the process of becoming independentRead MoreAmerican Ethnic Literature Differs From American Literature1378 Words   |  6 Pagesliterature is i mportant because citizens of all nationalities can share and learn about different backgrounds. Many ethnic authors use life experiences to create their characters and stories. American literature involves American-born authors writing about American themes and issues. The United States is a hodgepodge of nationalities as a result of immigrants flooding the eastern and western coasts. These immigrants became American, but still had their cultural roots. 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However, their dialogue is set under a prognostication of different cultural, social, historical and political ideologies. This is revealed by an analysis of the themes, characters, narratives and poetic voices found in their works. Nyucorian writersRead MoreThe Life Of A New Language And An Invisible Woman By Writers Eva Hoffman And Bharati Mukherjee Essay1606 Words   |  7 PagesImmigrating to a new country is often emotionally taxing. Each country possesses a unique culture, and its citizens reflect the values that are respected in that state. Keeping this in mind, moving to a foreign place and having to embrace a distant set of ideals is a difficult task. Naturally, an inner conflict arises within a person as to whether they should discard the old values in favour of the new ones and become a member of the new country, or to retain the old values and therefore remain estrangedRead MoreA Metaphor for the Dimensional Concept of Home Essay962 Words   |  4 Pagesmultidimensional concept of home. Chang considers many perspectives but chooses to only focus on a select few- all of which bring contrasting and often immiscible arguments only to initiate an vision inward of Chang’s own development and ultimately an emulsified concept her readers can resonate with. Chang’s writing speaks a lot of the contrast between the village immigrating girls leave from and the city they arrive in. 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It is a moving story, starting out with a brief glimpse into the horrible abuse that he experienced as a child from his mother, and then moving into the difficult trials of being placed in numerous foster homes. The abuse that he went through is tear-jerking. His mother made him sleep in the basement on a cot without blankets, would only feed him when she wanted to which was rarely, and played evil mind games with him, leading him to believe that he had done

24 - Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Clusters in Latin...

Received November 11, 2008 / Accepted December 12, 2008 J. Technol. Manag. Innov. 2008,Volume 3, Issue 3 Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Clusters in Latin America Natural Resource – Implication and Future Challenges Tomas Gabriel Bas (1), Ernesto Amoros (2), Martin Kunc (3) Abstract The natural resources play a very important role in the economy of the Latin America countries, but follow the classical models of resource exploitation and scale do not add much more value to the products or services like other knowledge-based industries (biotechnology or IT). The cluster approach assembled around the pattern of innovation and entrepreneurship characteristics can help to improve these kinds of industries. Nevertheless, the†¦show more content†¦Critical to this transformation obviously is the processes of innovation and entrepreneurship, functioning within a cluster structure (Bas, 2006). This article is arranged by follow: First, we analyse the forms of innovation in Chile and Latin America for study the importance that acquire this figure in the generation of knowledge.The second point focus on entrepreneurship also in Chile and Latin America and their importance like a motor of the economy. Third, we looking the cluster structure in natural resource like a mode of join the concepts of innovation and entrepreneurship like a virtuous circle.The last point is concentrate on salmon industry in Chile, his evolution and structure, and the implications of innovation and entrepreneurship like an example of an eventual knowledge-based cluster. A process that takes an idea, or invention, links it to a market demand and turns it into a product, a technique or a service that is bought and sold can define innovation. Innovation also includes the improvement of an existing product or process and bringing it to market (Bonin and Desranleau, 1988). Innovation has critical dimensions relating to corporate management, evolution in trajectories over long periods and spatial location.The capacity to innovate of a country is determine by underlying capacities to produce and to apply knowledge.There are some indicators that measureShow MoreRelatedTrung Nguyen Coffee - Innovation4181 Words   |  17 Pages1213548 S 1213544 S 1213786 Module Tutor: Module Title: Ronald Ainsbury BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INNOVATION Submission Date: December 17 , 2012 Word Count: 3,050 words (excluding references) 1 INNOVATION REPORT: TRUNG NGUYEN COFFEE CONTENTS I- INTRODUCTON II- INNOVATION SUCCESS OF TRUNG NGUYEN 1- The story of a family business 2- Innovation success III- ASSESSMENT OF INNOVATION MANAGEMENT 3 3 3 5 7 1- SPOTS Analysis 2- Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 3- Some possible solutions Read MoreUnited Airlines23407 Words   |  94 PagesStrategic Controls 10 1.14 Innovation and Entrepreneurship 11 SECTION 2: IDENTIFICATION OF KEY STRATEGIC ISSUES 12 Culture: 12 Market share: 12 Economy: 12 SECTION 3: ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION 13 3.1 External Environment 13 3.2 Internal Analysis 16 3.3 SWOT Analysis 18 3.4 Organizational Mission 18 3.5 Generic Strategy 19 3.6 Long-Term Objectives 20 3.7 Grand Strategies 21 3.8 Short-Term Objectives 22 3.9 Functional Tactics 24 3.10 Strategic ExecutionRead MoreImpact of Globalization on Sme with Respect to Tanzanian Environment9022 Words   |  37 Pageshas traditionally been considered to be essential for many services, figures less prominently. 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Should College Athletes Be Paid free essay sample

When looking at the revenue that is generated from sporting events, the idea that comes to mind is millions, and for college athletics, this is no exception. The revenue that is generated through the NCAA alone is quite overwhelming. While the amount of revenue is large, little of the money is retained by the NCAA national office. About 96 percent is distributed directly to the Division I membership or to support championships or programs that benefit student-athletes. The remaining 4 percent goes for central services, such as building operations and salaries not related to particular programs. For 2011-12, NCAA revenue is projected at $777 million, with $680 million coming from the Associations new rights agreement with CBS Sports and Turner Broadcasting (NCAA, Revenue). With the amount of money coming in as revenue for the colleges, the expenses are relatively minimal in comparison, and these expenses mostly include costs for colleges to either host or run a specific sporting event. The money that is left after expenses have been taken out is then reinstated to the colleges: Each year, about 60 percent of all NCAA revenue is returned directly to the Division I conferences and member institutions. For the 2010-11 fiscal year, that figure was $478 million (61 percent) (NCAA, Distributions). This does not seem right on many levels. The member institutions are receiving 60 percent of the money and retaining it for use throughout the college. There needs to be a change in policy for college athletics at a state level to distribute this money throughout the people who actually made it; the athletes. States should adopt a bill similar to the Nebraska Bill proposed by Senator Ernie Chambers to the Nebraska business and labor committee. The bill requires the University of Nebraska football layers to be paid a certain amount of money (Stipend), if three other states within the Big 12 Conference would also pass the bill. Each state should highly consider adopting this bill, but make a minor change and have compensation available to all student-athletes because the student-athletes first amendment rights are being violated (more specifically the freedom of speech and the right to publicity), the athletes would experience life in professional business, and then finally, athletes should not have to leave college with debt. Some objections to this policy are how hey bring about issues dealing with Title IX and gender equality, the fact that amateurism may be compromised if this policy is adopted, and how the policy would be impractical for the colleges to pay their student-athletes. Background In the past, the idea of student-athlete compensation has often been debated. Colleges are reaping all the benefits from athletes performances and exposure. Obviously, this has some benefits for each side, the student-athlete and the institution, but it will be shown that the negatives for the athletes far outweigh the negatives that the college suffers. Several court cases have been heard over the years to give college athletes the rights to their own image under the First Amendment and right to publicity, but they have come up short. v. National Collegiate Athletic Association and College Licensing Company. In the complaint, OBannon contends that the NCAA has violated his Right of Privacy, as well as the Right to Publicity of the classes by licensing their likeness and image, without permission and for profit, and that the NCAA has not shared that revenue with the classes. After a long and drawn out process, the Northern District Court of California uled in favor of the NCAA and the CLC because OBannon signed Form 08-3a which authorizes the NCAA name or picture to generally promote NCAA championships or other NCAA events, activities, or programs. OBannon argued that Form 08-3a was illegal because it was very vague and ambiguous. Without signing this document, none of the players would be allowed to practice or compete in their sport (Edward C. OBannon v. NCAA and CLC). Another notable case is Samuel Michael Keller v. Electronic Arts. Inc. EA Sports), National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA); Collegiate Licensing Company. EA Sports made their case about the video game image and name use. The video games produced by EA Sports have enhanced the problem associated with the right to publicity. Everyone has seen ads for the newest video games that EA Sports is promoting from MLB and NCAA baseball to NCAA and NBA basketball to both professional and col lege football and so on. The graphics of the games get better and better as the years progress, and we see that the players on each game are more and more lifelike than the year before. This can be shown through the attributes each player hold from height and weight to Jersey number and then from the style of play hey use to even minor details like the helmet and facemask each player has. Keller made the same argument as OBannon saying that EA Sports, NCAA, and CLC were illegally making money off his image. OBannon then Joined forces with Keller along with several former NCAA players to see if the lawsuit would hold up. Instead of the court siding with either one, Keller demanded a trial by Jury. In an interview session done by Outside the Lines, Keller was quoted saying that Im Just doing something that I believe is right, and its not about making a quick buck for me. Its a lot bigger than me. Its about thousands of college athletes, and its about changing how this whole thing works (OTL: NCAA Mixed Messages). The lawsuit is still ongoing, and has yet to have a final say either way. Definitions/Meanings There are several terms and definitions to get familiar with and know throughout the interpretation of this policy. All of the following are vital to understanding certain points and making the discussion relevant: Right to Publicity, Intellectual Property Law, the Sports Laws definition of Pay, a stipend, and finally Title X. Right to Publicity The right of publicity prevents the unauthorized commercial se of an individuals name, likeness, or other recognizable aspects of ones persona. It gives an individual the exclusive right to license the use of their identity for commercial promotion (Cornell University). Cornell Law School continues saying that the right of publicity is protected by state common or statutory law, and only about half of the states recognize this right. Many of the states that do not include the right to publicity include it under their own Right to Privacy laws (Cornell University). Sports Law Pay The term pay specifically includes, but is not limited to receipt irectly or indirectly of any salary, gratuity, or comparable compensation; division or Association, and excessive or improper expenses, awards and benefits. Expenses received from an outside amateur sports team or organization in excess of actual and necessary travel and meal expenses for practice and game competition shall be considered pay (Berry and Wong). Intellectual Property Law Intellectual property law is A controversial term referring to a number of distinct types of expressions for which a set of monopoly rights are recognized under the corresponding field of law. Under intellectual property law, owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and designs (United States Patent and Trademark Office). Some common types of intellectual property rights include copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial design rights, and trade secrets in some cases. Stipend A stipend is payment made to students for work completed but it is not necessarily based on work performed or hours of work. Many stipends are offered to tudents who are completing an internship or apprenticeship and used to help defray the costs of housing, food, and transportation (Loretta). Title IX No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance (United State Department of Labor). Current Policy As it is clearly stated in the NCAA bylaws regarding Amateur Status and Pay policy, no amateur athlete may be permitted to the following types of compensation: Prohibited Forms of Pay. Pay, as used in Bylaw 12. 1. 2 above, includes but is not limited to, the following: 1 . Salary, Gratuity or Compensation, 2. Division or Split of Surplus, 3. Educational Expenses, 4. Expenses, Awards, and Benefits, 5. Payment Based on Performance, 6. Preferential Treatment, Benefits or Services, and 7. Prize for Participation in Institutions Promotional Activity (NCAA Constitution, art. 12). Of these seven general topics, there are subdivisions to Educational Expenses, Expenses, Awards and Benefits, and Payment Based on Performance; each of which oes into much greater detail about certain aspects of the rule. These in-depth subdivisions can be from National Governing Bodies to Olympic Committees, from Benefits Prior to Entry of a College to Benefits going to the parents of the athlete and anything in between. For a more analyzing look at all these bylaws, refer the NCAA Division I Manual for Operating and Administrative Bylaws. Another source, the Law and Business of the Sports Industry Volumes I and II, provides more insight into the policies regarding the general term pay as it applies to college athletes. The Sports Law and Business section includes benefits stated under the Extra Benefits section. The following are several examples of the extra benefits listed from the Law and Business of Sports text: 1 . A special document, payment arrangement, or credit on purchase; 2. A benefit connected with on-campus or off-campus student-athletes housing; 3. Signing or co-signing a note with an outside agency to arrange a loan; 4. The use of an automobile; 5. An institution selling a student-athlete ticket(s) to an athletic event (Berry and Wong, sec. 2. 15-2). Several sources have indicated that they would like to see the athletes be paid Players Association, Ramogi Huma, had this to say: The $2,000 stipend approved last week [by the NCAA] was a step in the right direction but falls short of an athletes full cost of attendance (Auerbach). Former sports agent Josh Luchs had this to say in response to the $2,000 stipend: Someone or something will step in to fill the gap between the $2,000 and the full cost of attendance and it could be agents with improper benefits. [Adding $2,000] is Just like throwing a guy on a 10-story burning uilding a three-story ladder, Luchs said. It makes absolutely no sense (Auerbach). Proposed Policy Since there is no legislation for a policy like this, the Nebraska pay for play policy should be slightly altered and adopted by the states. The Nebraska Senator Ernie Chambers, who first introduced the bill stated that Just as the Declaration of Independence spelled out a detailed bill of particulars Justifying the separation of the American colonies from England, LB 688 sets forth very precise and specific reasons that lead inexorably to the conclusion that University of Nebraska-Lincoln ootball players are entitled to compensation in the same manner that other students are compensated when they perform work for the university. Plus, they are the only category of students that produce, rather than consume, revenue (Horn). The alteration to this bill would simply state that ALL student-athletes are entitled to compensation. The proposed policy change would allow all student-athletes to get compensated for their efforts both on and off the field. This would make the rules much clearer and the athletes would benefit greatly from the change. Instead of aving so many lawsuits between college athletes and the NCAA, EA Sports, CLC, or whoever, this would take a lot of the bad politics out of the college athletic system. The policy would allow the students to be paid with a certain amount of money that is decided by the school itself, and the policy would allow for the colleges to set their own criteria for the student-athletes to access the money. This is good because it allows flexibility in the colleges. (Nocera) Explanation of Technology The development of home video games has made huge strides in the area of technology over the past 30 years. This can be shown by how home video games started, how gaming console sales have increased, then finally how the games themselves have become so realistic, life-like, and interactive. Video games became popular in Japan in the early 1980s [1983]; names such as Nintendo, Sega Enterprises, and Bandai Co. came to be popular. All of these products were owned by foreign countries, mostly in Japan (Kids Web Japan). This was Just the start of a multi- million dollar industry and soon took off from there. Following the original development of video games, the evolution of consoles and games began. Gaming onsole manufacturers built close ties with video games publishers. This meant that certain games could only be played on specific games; in turn, the sale of each console and depends on the popularity of the games that can be played on it (Kids Web Japan). In short, how well the console sells depends mostly on how fun or popular the games are. Another area of interest would be how many consoles were sold which goes along with the popularity. The three major companies and their products, Nintendo Wii, Sony Playstation 3, and Microsoft Xbox 360, have exploded in popularity over the past few years. In 2011, the world-wide sales from (Reilly). So world-wide sales shows how Microsoft won the gaming battle by 800,000 consoles in 2011. New developments in each of these gaming consoles are sure to follow as the technology and gaming industries are ever changing and adapting. This leads us to the last point of the gaming industry which is the life-like and interactive abilities inside the games themselves. Part of the reason the consoles are so popular has to be because the games are as close to life-like as possible. Examples of this are the sports such as Madden, FIFA, the NBA 2K series, and not to mention all of the NCAA sports games. The producers of these games take pride in what they do when it comes to the graphics and player likeness. Height, weight, hometown, even little likenesses such as wristbands, facemasks, and shoes are all analyzed and taken into consideration when developing these games year to year. These are Just several reasons why video games have burst on to the scene in recent years, and they will continue growing. Next, there is the example of how much money is being earned by the television stations from college athletics alone. The numbers that follow are of revenue earned y high profile conferences annually: ACC $240 million, Big Ten $236 million, Big 12 $200 million, PAC-12 $225 million, and the SEC $205 million (Peloqutn). Televtston stations have been making millions at the expense of college athletes. A recent petition finds the NCAA in hot water with over 300 major college football and basketball players. The document urges the NCAA and college presidents to set aside an unspecified amount of money from what it estimates is $775 million in recently acquired TV revenues in an educational lock box for football and mens basketball players. Players could tap those funds to help cover educational costs if they exhaust their athletic eligibility before they graduate (ESPN. com News Services). Practical Arguments Some arguments that can be made for the implementation of this bill would be how the players rights are being violated (right to publicity), how the athletes should be free to pursue endorsements like a professional, and that those athletes should not have to leave school in debt. Institutions are violating a form of Entertainment Law specifically in the area of Personal Rights. A successful persons name and image is a aluable commodity. Use of ones name and likeness by another party can infringe on rights held by said person. These overlapping categories include the right to privacy, right to publicity, unfair competition, defamation, and First Amendment law (Lawbrain). Other areas in law that this violates is the misappropriation of a name or likeness. All individuals are vested with exclusive property right to their identity. No person, business, or other entity may appropriate an individuals name or likeness without permission (Citizen Media Law). This bill would compensate those athletes hose name and/or image rights have been violated, and thus paying the players whose rights were wrongfully violated. Not only would this make it legal for the video game industries and other forms of media to use and benefit from the players images, but also the NCAA would still be making money from the players as well. Having the freedom to pursue endorsements much like the professional athletes is another area that can be argued. Michael Wilbon of ESPN gives arguments that include both personal and public endorsements such as media exposure. He In this particular article, Wilbon was originally against paying college student- thletes, but later changes his stance on the subject. Wilbon on why he changed his stance: That $11 billion deal†OK, its 10. 8 billion to be exact†between the NCAA and CBS/Turner Sports for March Madness between 2011 and 2024. Were talking $1 1 billion for three weekends of television per year. On top of that, theres a new four- year deal with ESPN that pays the BCS $500 million (Wilbon). Wilbon continues, bringing up several points as to where the millions of dollars generated through the NCAA goes, then asks an interesting question: Why cant hundreds of millions of ollars be directed into those, [talking about assistance funds and opportunity funds] and in turn make money more accessible to athletes for the kinds of regular day-to- day expenses that regular college students pay by working Jobs that are off-limits to intercollegiate athletes? (Wilbon) Wilbon continues in the article, Certain players jerseys are worth more than others, so why wouldnt the players that are more high profile try to get some money for themselves? For example, a high profile running back vs. an offensive lineman; obviously the person who is in the spotlight will get more money. Another would be a football player vs. soccer player; this is Just another example of how our society works with people that are in the media. What Wilbon is getting at is not that it is necessarily correct for colleges to pay their athletes, but to let them go out and pursue their own endorsements. If the student [as] athlete can find a way, he/she should be able to endorse products, to have paid-speaking gigs, to sell memorabilia, as Allen Sack, the author and professor at the college of business at the University of New Haven has suggested in recent years. The best college athletes n the two revenue-producing sports have always been worth much more than tuition, room and board, and books The players have become employees of the universities and conferences as much as students†employees with no compensation, which not only violates common decency but perhaps even the law (Wilbon). Finally, there should be a way to help out college athletes pay for schooling other than scholarships. In a study done by the National College Players Association, these results were found in regards to the shortfall after scholarships were taken into account, Based on the estimated scholarship shortfalls across the 36 NCAA Division I colleges and universities included in this study for the academic year 2009-2010, the average estimated scholarship shortfall was $2,951 per year. Projected out over a four year period, a student on a full scholarship would bear of debt of $11,804. Over a five year period of time, that debt would rise to $14,755 (National College Players Association). Those were Just the results for an average college student with a full scholarship. The next set of results were shown from the full scholarship athletes perspective: The data revealed that NCAA cholarship limitations can leave a full scholarship athlete with expenses ranging from as low as $200 up to $10,962 per year depending on the institution. For athletes attending schools with the largest gaps, this means that their educational expenses can exceed $55,000 over a five year span of time (National College Players Association). Ethical Arguments The theories of RCBA, Existentialism, and Kant all support for changing the policy that is currently in place. First we look at Risk, Cost, Benefit Analysis (RCBA). This is how to applying it to how it affects individuals, communities, and as an economy. Who is potentially affected by the position you support? (Hatcher, 148) Look at both the short term and long term. Others include personal, social, financial, and societal (Hatcher, 148). When looking at the policy from an RCBA standpoint, we have to calculate what the average pay an athlete would receive if they were to divide the scholarship given by the number or hours spent on their particular craft. Using an athlete from the University of Kansas whose name cant be given for privacy reason, the numbers were as follows. Keep in mind that these athletes are not allowed to receive money utside of what they receive for scholarship. Tuition Room and Board Required Course Fees Books (Average) Other Expenses Transportation (Average) Cost Per Semester $4,182 $3,718 $858 $425 $1,208 $989 Number of Semesters 9 8 2 Total Amount $37,638 $29,744 $1,716 $3,400 $10,872 $8,901 Grand Total $92,271 that would be expensed out of pocket being a normal college student. Now, lets look at the amount of scholarship received as compared to the number of hours spent during their sport. These calculations include practice, film (both required and on own time), training room visits, summer workouts (weight lifting and running), then inally game days. A little over $92,000 is quite a bit of money for anyone who is going to school, but for an athlete, it takes a huge toll because they are prohibited from holding an outside Job, and therefore must acquire loans. Practice Game Day Film (Total of Both) Training Room Workouts Hours Spent Per Week 18 14 7 24 Weeks Per Year 17 11-16 16 13-17 10-12 Total Hours 306 88-128 224 91-119 (At Least) 949 Hours (At Most) 1065 Hours This table shows Just how much time is spent during a specific sport or activity (in this case Division I football). Then finally, the last table is going to show what the ere working at a minimum wage Job instead of participating in their sport. This will put it into perspective Just how much each student-athlete is making. Minimun Hours Maximum Hours Hours (Worked) 949 1065 Minimum Wage $7. 25 Amount Made $6880. 25 $7,721. 25 Average Scholarship Roughly $8,500 Average Cost Per Year $23,067. 75 Remaining Balance $7,687. 50 $6,846. 50 The above table shows how much more money the athletes need Just to fulfill their expenses as college students, and these numbers were Just for in-state students for an undergraduate. The out-of-state tuition is almost $14,000 higher, so those who are ttending college who reside in other states need to be prepared to pay a pretty penny to go to school. The numbers also dont include the amounts for the different departments that are affiliated within this University (I. E. other major besides a general undergraduate). On the other hand, from a risk and cost standpoint, if the students were to get paid for their play, then some risks are present. One would be that the students may not finish school since they are getting compensated. For some of the high profile players, the NFL, NBA, or MLB may be a better option rather than getting a degree. The endorsement deals and money they could possibly earn may alter their ideas about getting an undergraduate degree. Since there are only a select few that would enter into each draft at a professional level, the benefits for getting paid would outweigh the risks and the costs. They would be able to pay off their loans while pursuing their degree, which would lead to a good career as a fall back if the professional leagues did not work out. Next, some would look at an Existentialist point of view. An existentialist would say that there are basic freedoms that we have as humans. Furthermore, existentialists ook at ethics of endorsement and say that if one side of the argument is allowed to do a certain task, then that makes it ethical for everyone to do (Hatcher, 156). In this own image and/or name. This would be in their favor and would not harm any other parties involved. Since the colleges are already making money off the athletes, an existentialist would say it is ethical for the athlete to want the same thing. Finally, there is the Kantian approach to ethics. Kant would support this policy because this approach values each individual as a person rather than as a product or brand name. In this particular instance, the student-athlete would be valued as an individual rather than Just an intangible asset. Meaning, when it comes to the athletes livelihood, the college would actually support them making money with the use of their own image and name as opposed to holding them back; so, it is ethical. This applies along with the Universilization Test. The Universilization Test states that if the situation is universalized toa broad population [if everyone did it], would it have harmful consequences or is it Justifiable? This determines whether a situation is absolutely right or absolutely wrong (Hatcher, chap. ). Furthermore, it passes the Universilization Test because if every player received royalties, then it would not implode on itself since everyone would be able to get those benefits, so it is ethical. Arguments against Policy Several arguments that would go against this policy are the reconciliation with Title X, which refers to the subject of gender equality, how amateurism would be compromised as a whole, and then the idea of the play for pay policy is Just impractical due to money reasons. First, there is Title X, as we already know from the definitions; Title IX says they men and women) have equal rights in participation. If the proposed policy was to be placed by the colleges, some would argue that the womens sports are more likely to get shorted than the mens. In regard to the concept of pay-for-play, Title IX is generally seen as a substantial roadblock Meaning that despite the friction thats existed between some mens sports and Title X, the latter actually may serve as the best protection for every program against implementation of a pay-for-play system that didnt take into account all student-athletes (Voepel). This comes with good concern, but is a contradiction in itsel f. Since the Educational Amendment of Title IX in 1972, Title IX would actually protect the female athletes from being excluded in the compensation. The Department of Labor states this, Nothing contained in this section shall be interpreted to require any educational institution to grant preferential or disparate treatment to the members of one sex on account of an imbalance which may exist with respect to the total number or percentage of persons of that sex participating in or receiving the benefits of any federally supported program or activity, in comparison with the total number or percentage of persons of hat sex in any community, State, section, or other area (United States Department of Labor). This means that there cannot be a discrepancy between groups or men or women Just because one group has more participants than the other. The women have Just as much right to the benefits as the men do. Next would be the compromise of amateurism itself. Amateurism is Just how it sounds; amateur. This means that the athletes are not getting paid any money besides the scholarships that brought them to the University they attend. Keeping the amateur image in college sports has always been a big part of the NCAA and they